Vitorr classes

  Topic 5: President of India (भारत के राष्ट्रपति) Explanation (English) The President of India is the head of the State and the first citizen of India . The President is also the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces . The office of the President is established under Article 52 of the Constitution. The President is elected indirectly by an Electoral College , which includes: Elected members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Elected members of State Legislative Assemblies (Vidhan Sabhas) Elected members of Union Territories having Legislative Assemblies (Delhi & Puducherry) The President is elected for a term of 5 years . The minimum age to become President is 35 years . The President takes oath administered by the Chief Justice of India (CJI) under Article 60 . The current President of India (2025) is Droupadi Murmu , the 15th President , and the first tribal woman to hold the office. व्याख्या (Hindi) भारत के राष्ट्रपति राष्ट्र के प्रमुख और भारत के प्रथ...

  Topic 4: Fundamental Duties (मौलिक कर्तव्य) Explanation (English) Fundamental Duties are the moral obligations of every Indian citizen to promote patriotism and maintain the unity and integrity of the nation. They were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 , on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee . These duties are included in Part IVA (Article 51A) of the Constitution. Originally, there were 10 Fundamental Duties , but one more duty was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 , making the total 11 duties . These duties help citizens contribute to the progress of the nation and maintain harmony. व्याख्या (Hindi) मौलिक कर्तव्य प्रत्येक भारतीय नागरिक के नैतिक दायित्व हैं, जिनका उद्देश्य देशभक्ति को बढ़ावा देना और राष्ट्र की एकता एवं अखंडता बनाए रखना है। इन्हें 42वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम, 1976 द्वारा स्वर्ण सिंह समिति की सिफारिश पर संविधान में जोड़ा गया। ये भाग 4A (अनुच्छेद 51A) में शामिल हैं। शुरुआत में 10 मौ...

  Topic 3: Directive Principles of State Policy (राज्य के नीति निदेशक तत्व) Explanation (English) Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are guidelines given to the government to establish social and economic democracy in the country. They are included in Part IV (Article 36 to Article 51) of the Indian Constitution. These principles are not legally enforceable , meaning citizens cannot go to court for their implementation. However, they are fundamental in the governance of the country , and the government must keep them in mind while framing laws and policies. DPSP are inspired mainly from the Irish Constitution . They work to provide welfare of the people, reduce inequality, provide equal opportunities, ensure justice, and improve living standards. व्याख्या (Hindi) राज्य के नीति निदेशक तत्व (DPSP) सरकार को सामाजिक और आर्थिक लोकतंत्र स्थापित करने के लिए दिए गए दिशा-निर्देश हैं। ये भाग 4 (अनुच्छेद 36 से 51) में शामिल हैं। ये सिद्धांत न्यायालय द्वारा लागू नहीं कराए जा स...

  Topic 2: Fundamental Rights (मौलिक अधिकार) Explanation (English) Fundamental Rights are the basic rights guaranteed to every citizen of India to ensure equality, freedom, and justice. They are included in Part III of the Constitution, from Article 12 to Article 35 . These rights are justiciable, meaning any citizen can approach the Supreme Court or High Court if their rights are violated. Fundamental Rights promote the development and dignity of individuals. There are 6 Fundamental Rights: Right to Equality (Article 14-18) Right to Freedom (Article 19-22) Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24) Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28) Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30) Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) (Article 32 is also called the "Heart and Soul" of the Constitution by Dr. Ambedkar) व्याख्या (Hindi) मौलिक अधिकार भारत के प्रत्येक नागरिक को दिए गए वे मूल अधिकार हैं, जो समानता, स्वतंत्रता और न्याय सुनिश्चित करते हैं। ये...

  Topic 1: Indian Constitution – Introduction Explanation (English) The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country. It provides the structure of government, defines powers and responsibilities, and protects fundamental rights of citizens. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950 , celebrated as Republic Day. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution and chaired the Drafting Committee . It is the longest written constitution in the world and originally consisted of 395 Articles, 22 Parts, and 8 Schedules . व्याख्या (Hindi) भारतीय संविधान देश का सर्वोच्च कानून है। यह सरकार की संरचना, शक्तियाँ और दायित्व निर्धारित करता है तथा नागरिकों के मौलिक अधिकारों की रक्षा करता है। इसे 26 नवम्बर 1949 को अपनाया गया और 26 जनवरी 1950 को लागू किया गया, जिसे गणतंत्र दिवस के रूप में मनाया जाता है। डॉ. बी. आर. अंबेडकर को भारतीय संविधान का जनक कहा जाता है और वे समिति के अध्यक्ष थे। यह दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा लिखित संविधान ...

  The ancient Indian philosophical concepts have strongly influenced modern Indian thought. Explain. प्राचीन भारतीय दर्शन ने आधुनिक भारतीय विचारधारा को गहराई से प्रभावित किया है। स्पष्ट कीजिए। 🧠 English Answer (Detailed) Ancient Indian philosophical traditions—rooted in the Vedas, Upanishads, Buddhist and Jain teachings, and classical schools like Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimansa, and Vedanta—have had a profound and lasting influence on modern Indian thought. These philosophies shaped ethical values, social structures, scientific temperament, spiritual practices, and the modern reform movements that transformed Indian society. Key Influences of Ancient Indian Philosophy on Modern Thought 1. Concept of Dharma & Ethical Living The idea of Dharma —righteous duty, morality, and responsibility—remains central to modern law, governance, and ethics. Modern ideals of truth, justice, non-violence, harmony, and compassion reflect Vedic and Upanishadic thinking. 2. Spir...