Vitorr classes

  How to Differentiate s-Block, p-Block, d-Block & f-Block Elements in Periodic Table (English + Hindi Explanation) 🧪 BASIC CONCEPT Based on the last electron entering orbital Block Last Electron Enters Location in Periodic Table s-Block s-orbital Left side p-Block p-orbital Right side d-Block d-orbital Middle / transition metals f-Block f-orbital Below periodic table (separate row) 📍 How to Identify Each Block Easily 1️⃣ s-Block Elements English Group 1 & 2 elements Found on left side of periodic table Last electron enters ns¹ or ns² Highly reactive metals Examples Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba Hindi समूह 1 और 2 के तत्व आवर्त सारणी के बाएँ तरफ अंतिम इलेक्ट्रॉन s-orbital में जाता है अधिक सक्रिय धातुएँ 2️⃣ p-Block Elements English Group 13 to 18 Found on right side Last electron enters np¹ to np⁶ Includes metals, non-metals & metalloids Examples B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar Hindi समूह 13 से 18 दाएँ तरफ...

  🧪 Which elements form Acidic Oxides? English Acidic oxides are generally formed by non-metals . They react with water to form acids or with bases to form salts . Examples Element Oxide Behavior Carbon (C) CO₂ Acidic oxide Sulfur (S) SO₂, SO₃ Strong acidic oxides Nitrogen (N) N₂O₅, NO₂ Acidic Phosphorus (P) P₂O₅ Acidic Chlorine (Cl) Cl₂O₇, Cl₂O Acidic Reaction Example CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ (Carbonic Acid) 🧪 Which elements form Basic Oxides? English Basic oxides are formed by metals , especially alkali metals & alkaline earth metals . They react with water to form bases (alkalis) or with acids to form salts . Examples Element Oxide Behavior Sodium (Na) Na₂O Strong basic oxide Potassium (K) K₂O Strong basic Magnesium (Mg) MgO Basic Calcium (Ca) CaO Strong basic Iron (Fe) FeO, Fe₂O₃ Basic Copper (Cu) CuO Weakly basic Reaction Example CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ (Calcium hydroxide) ⚖️ Amphoteric Oxides (Both Acidic & Basic) English Oxides which react with both acid...

  Topic 15: High Courts of India (भारत के उच्च न्यायालय) Explanation (English) The High Court is the highest judicial authority at the state level . It acts as the guardian of law and justice within a state. High Courts function below the Supreme Court and above the District & Subordinate Courts. The High Courts are mentioned under Articles 214 to 231 of the Constitution. The Calcutta High Court (1862) is the oldest High Court in India , followed by Bombay and Madras High Courts (1862) . The Telangana High Court (2019) is the newest High Court . Each High Court is headed by the Chief Justice . Judges of High Court retire at the age of 62 years . The judges are appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India & Governor of the State . High Courts have powers of Judicial Review , Writ Jurisdiction , and Supervision over lower courts. Writs issued by High Courts Habeas Corpus – to produce a person illegally detained Mand...

  Topic 14: Supreme Court of India (भारतीय सर्वोच्च न्यायालय) Explanation (English) The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial authority in the country and the final court of appeal . It protects the constitution, fundamental rights, and ensures justice. It is the guardian and interpreter of the Constitution . The Supreme Court was established on 28 January 1950 (two days after the Constitution came into force). It is mentioned under Articles 124 to 147 of the Constitution. Structure Chief Justice of India (CJI) + other judges Maximum strength: 34 judges (including CJI) Judges are appointed by the President of India Judges retire at the age of 65 years Jurisdiction Types Original Jurisdiction – disputes between central & state governments Appellate Jurisdiction – appeals from lower courts Advisory Jurisdiction – President can seek advice under Article 143 The Supreme Court has the power of Judicial Review to check whether laws passed by P...

  Topic 13: President vs Prime Minister – Difference & Comparison Explanation (English) The President and the Prime Minister are two key positions in the Indian political system, but their powers and roles are very different. India follows a Parliamentary System , where the Prime Minister is the real executive head , while the President is the nominal or constitutional head . The President represents the nation , whereas the Prime Minister runs the government and exercises real authority . Difference Table (English) Basis President of India Prime Minister of India Position Nominal / Ceremonial Head Real Executive Head Article Article 52 Articles 74 & 75 Election Indirectly elected by Electoral College Appointed by President, leader of majority in Lok Sabha Responsibility Not responsible to Parliament Responsible to Lok Sabha Power Mostly formal powers Real powers in administration Removal Impeachment Vote of No Confidence Role Head of the State Head of the Governme...

  Topic 12: Speaker of Lok Sabha (लोकसभा अध्यक्ष) Explanation (English) The Speaker of Lok Sabha is the presiding officer and the most important authority in the Lok Sabha. The Speaker conducts the business of the house, maintains order, and ensures discipline. The Speaker is elected from among the members of Lok Sabha. The office of the Speaker is mentioned under Article 93 of the Constitution. Key Points Elected by the members of Lok Sabha Holds office until the term of Lok Sabha lasts or until another Speaker is elected Can resign by giving written notice to the Deputy Speaker Can be removed by a resolution passed by a majority of Lok Sabha members Powers & Functions Conducts meetings and maintains discipline Decides whether a bill is Money Bill or not (decision is final) Presides over joint sittings of Parliament (when Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha meet together) Speaker votes only in case of a tie (Casting vote) Speaker is the head of Parliame...