🔹 Greek & Roman Contributions to Geography
Q: Who first used the word “Geography”?
A: Eratosthenes (276–194 BC)
Q: Who is known as the Father of Geography?
A: Eratosthenes
Q: What did Eratosthenes write?
A: Geographica
Q: Who divided the circle into 360°?
A: Hipparchus
Q: Who invented the Astrolabe?
A: Hipparchus
Q: Who was the first to write that the Earth is spherical?
A: Aristotle
Q: Who was the most famous Roman scholar of cartography?
A: Ptolemy
Q: Whose work inspired the Great Age of Discoveries?
A: Ptolemy
Q: Who considered the Earth to be oblong?
A: Strabo (64 BC – 36 AD)
Q: Who wrote Historia Naturalis?
A: Pliny (23–79 AD)
Q: Who first tried to measure the Earth?
A: Thales
Q: Who is considered the first cartographer?
A: Anaximander
Q: Who are the Fathers of Mathematical Geography?
A: Thales and Anaximander
Q: Who emphasized that geography must be studied historically and vice versa?
A: Herodotus
🔹 Indian Contributions to Geography
Q: Who was the famous Indian geographer born in 476 AD?
A: Aryabhatta
Q: Which Indian text first used the word "Bhugol"?
A: Surya Siddhanta
Q: What did Aryabhatta calculate regarding the Earth?
A: Circumference as 24,835 miles
Q: Who was the most famous geographer of India after Aryabhatta?
A: Varah Mihir (505–587 AD)
Q: Who wrote Brahma Siddhanta and Khand Kavya?
A: Brahmagupta
Q: Who translated Brahmagupta’s works into Arabic?
A: Scholars under Caliph Harun-al-Rashid
Q: Who wrote Siddhanta Shiromani and Karanakutuhal?
A: Bhaskaracharya (1114–1185 AD)
Q: What did Bhaskaracharya say about the Earth?
A: Earth is spherical and attracts everything by gravity
🔹 Islamic and Arabic Contributions
Q: What was India called in the Puranas?
A: Jambu Dweep
Q: What city did Indian geographers consider as the Prime Meridian?
A: Ujjain
Q: Who translated Ptolemy’s work into Arabic as "Almagest"?
A: Caliph Al-Mamun (813 AD)
Q: Who wrote the book “Sind Hind”?
A: Al-Khwarizmi
Q: What was the first climatic atlas and who prepared it?
A: Kitab-al-Ashkal by Al-Balkhi
Q: Who wrote Kitab-ul-Hind in 1030 AD?
A: Al-Biruni
Q: What is the 11th century known as in Islamic geography?
A: Period of Al-Biruni
🔹 Travel and Discoveries
Q: Who was the first to present a seasonal account of monsoon?
A: Arabs
Q: Who was the famous 13th-century traveler who reached the Pacific Ocean?
A: Marco Polo
Q: Who discovered a new sea-route to India in 1498?
A: Vasco da Gama
🔹 Famous Discoverers & Geographers
Q: Who discovered America?
A: Christopher Columbus
Q: Who was America named after?
A: Amerigo Vespucci
Q: Who first circumnavigated the world?
A: Magellan (1520 AD)
Q: Which Dutch traveler discovered Tasmania and New Zealand?
A: Tasman
Q: Who discovered the South Pole in 1911?
A: Captain James Cook
Q: Who introduced the printing press?
A: Around 1470 AD
Q: Who proposed the heliocentric solar system?
A: Copernicus (1543 AD)
Q: Who invented the telescope for astronomy?
A: Galileo (1609 AD)
Q: Who is known for planetary motion laws?
A: Kepler
Q: Who proved Earth is spherical using gravitational theory?
A: Newton
🔹 Founders and Fields in Geography
Q: Who laid the foundation for Systematic & Regional Geography?
A: Varenius
Q: Who is called the Father of Climatology & Modern Geography?
A: Alexander Von Humboldt
Q: Which book was written by Humboldt?
A: Cosmos
Q: Who is considered the Father of Political Geography?
A: Ratzel
Q: Who founded Possibilism in Geography?
A: Vidal-de-la-Blache
Q: Who gave the Heartland Theory?
A: Mackinder
Q: Who is considered the Father of Cultural Geography?
A: Carl Ortwin Sauer
🔹 Universe and Cosmology
Q: What is the study of the universe called?
A: Cosmology
Q: Diameter of the universe is estimated to be?
A: 10¹⁰ light years
Q: How many galaxies are in the universe?
A: About 100 billion (10¹¹)
Q: What is the average number of stars in a galaxy?
A: 100 billion (10¹¹)
Q: What is the name of our galaxy?
A: Milky Way Galaxy
Q: Which is the latest known small galaxy?
A: Dwarf Galaxy
Q: What is the nearest galaxy to us?
A: Andromeda Galaxy
🔹 Theories on Universe Origin
Q: What is the most accepted theory of universe origin?
A: Big Bang Theory
Q: Who proposed the Big Bang Theory?
A: Georges Lemaitre
Q: When did the Big Bang occur (as per current estimate)?
A: 13.798 billion years ago
Q: What is the concept that galaxies are moving away from each other?
A: Expansion of Universe
🔹 Other Cosmological Theories
| Theory | Propounder |
|---|---|
| Big Bang Theory | Georges Lemaitre |
| Steady State Theory | Thomas Gold & Herman Bondy |
| Pulsating Universe | Dr. Allen Sundes |
| Inflationary Theory | Alan H. Guth |
Q: Where was the Higgs Boson experiment conducted?
A: Large Hadron Collider (LHC), CERN, Geneva
Q: When was the Higgs Boson discovered?
A: 30th March 2010
🔹 Higgs Boson & Big Bang
Q: What particle is known as the "God Particle"?
A: Higgs Boson
Q: Which experiment discovered the Higgs Boson?
A: CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (2012)
Q: What phenomenon is the Higgs Boson linked to?
A: Big Bang
Q: What star is the nearest to Earth after the Sun?
A: Proxima Centauri
🔹 Heliocentrism vs. Geocentrism
Q: Who proposed the heliocentric theory first?
A: Aristarchus of Samos
Q: Who supported heliocentrism and faced trial?
A: Galileo Galilei
Q: Who developed the geocentric model?
A: Ptolemy of Alexandria
Q: Who revived heliocentrism in the 16th century?
A: Nicolaus Copernicus
🔹 Solar System Basics
Q: What is at the center of the solar system?
A: The Sun
Q: How many planets are in the solar system?
A: Eight
Q: What is the shape of the planets’ orbit?
A: Elliptical
Q: What is the size of the solar system in AU?
A: About 10⁵ AU
Q: Which planet is nearest to the Sun?
A: Mercury
Q: Which planet is farthest from the Sun?
A: Neptune
Q: What kind of planet is Pluto?
A: Dwarf planet
Q: Which planets are called terrestrial planets?
A: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Q: Which planets are called gaseous planets?
A: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
🔹 The Sun
Q: What is the Sun's diameter?
A: 14 lakh kilometers (approx.)
Q: What is the composition of the Sun?
A: 71% Hydrogen, 26.5% Helium, 2.5% other elements
Q: What process powers the Sun’s energy?
A: Nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium
Q: What is the Sun’s surface temperature?
A: 5778 K or 5504.85°C
Q: What are Solar Flares?
A: Eruptions of hot atoms from the Sun
Q: What is the colorful effect caused by solar flares on Earth?
A: Aurora Borealis (North) & Aurora Australis (South)
🔹 Aditya-L1 Mission (ISRO)
Q: What is Aditya-L1?
A: India’s first space-based solar mission to study the Sun.
Q: How many payloads does Aditya-L1 carry?
A: Seven
Q: What does "L1" in Aditya-L1 stand for?
A: Lagrange Point 1 (between Earth and Sun)
Q: When was Aditya-L1 launched?
A: September 2, 2023
Q: How far is Aditya-L1 from Earth?
A: Approximately 1.5 million km
🔹 Sun Facts
Q: What are Sun Spots?
A: Cooler regions of the Sun emitting strong magnetic radiation
Q: What is the temperature of Sun’s core?
A: Around 15 million °C
Q: What is the Sun’s outer layer of hot gases called?
A: Corona
Q: What is the Sun’s visible surface called?
A: Photosphere
Q: What is the Sun Spot Cycle period?
A: 11 years
Q: How long does sunlight take to reach Earth?
A: About 8.5 minutes
🔹 Planets Overview
Q: How far is the Sun from Earth?
A: About 150 million km
Q: What is the speed of light?
A: 3,00,000 km/second
Q: What does IAU define as a planet?
A: A celestial body orbiting the Sun, having mass for self-gravity, and cleared its orbital path
Q: When did IAU redefine planets?
A: 2006
Q: What are dwarf planets?
A: Celestial bodies like Pluto, Ceres, and 2003 UB₃₁₃ that don’t meet full planet criteria
🔹 Classification of Planets
Q: Which are terrestrial planets?
A: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Q: Which are Jovian planets?
A: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Q: Which planet is nearest to the Sun?
A: Mercury
Q: Which is the largest planet in the solar system?
A: Jupiter
🔹 Inner vs Outer Planets
| Inner Planets | Outer Planets |
|---|---|
| Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars | Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune |
| Dense, metallic minerals | Made of gas (mainly H & He) |
| Move faster, short revolution | Slow, long revolution |
| Thin atmosphere | Thick atmosphere |
| Fewer satellites or none | Many moons & ring systems |
🔹 Mercury – Facts
Q: Which is the smallest planet in the solar system?
A: Mercury
Q: Does Mercury have moons?
A: No
Q: What makes Mercury extremely hot?
A: Its closeness to the Sun
Q: Does Mercury have an atmosphere?
A: Very thin; lacks gases like CO₂, N₂, H₂, O₂
Q: Why is Mercury vulnerable to radiation?
A: It lacks an ozone layer
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